12 illustration(s) from this book
[5] "English writers generally express the Arabic vowels and
diphthongs by their nearest _Italian_ equivalents. This mode is
very well suited for those who know, and for those who do not
care for, the correct pronunciation of the words so
transcribed; but for others I think it objectionable. Our
language is altogether much more suitable to the purpose of
expressing the sounds of Arabic than the Italian. Besides, I
believe it is the custom of every other European nation, in
transcribing Oriental words, to employ a system congenial with
its own language. In a former work, I made use of a double h to
express a very strong Arabic aspirate (as others had done
before me), and the word 'Hhágg' or 'Hhájj' was pointed out by
a critic as one remarkably uncouth: Von Hammer, in a review of
that work, writes the same word (and very properly as a German
writer) 'Hadschdsch.'"
[6] "Strictly speaking, it has a sound between that of a in
'bad' and that of u in 'bud;' sometimes approximating more to
the former; and sometimes to the latter."
[7] "Its sound, however, often approximates to that of a in
'ball.'"
[8] "Dh is pronounced as th in 'that:' gh represents a guttural
sound like that produced in gargling: kh represents a guttural
sound like that which is produced in expelling saliva from the
throat, and approaching nearer to the sound of ḥ (a very strong
aspirate) than to that of k: sh is pronounced as in 'shall:'
and th, as in 'thin.'"